TINJAUAN SOCIO-LEGAL PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT TERHADAP NARAPIDANA SETELAH MENJALANI MASA HUKUMANNYA DI LEMBAGA PEMASYARAKATAN: Tinjauan Socio-Legal Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Narapidana Setelah Menjalani Masa Hukumannya Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan

Hamja Hamja; Burhanudin Burhanudin

doi:10.23969/litigasi.v26i2.22448

Authors

Hamja Hamja Universitas Wiralodra
Burhanudin Burhanudin Universitas Wiralodra

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.23969/litigasi.v26i2.22448

Keywords:

Legal certainty, Socio-legal, ex-convicts, Reintegration

Abstract

The role of correctional institutions and society as entities responsible for the implementation of legal sanctions, in reality, holds a key role in shaping the life trajectory of former prisoners after release. However, former prisoners are often confronted with stigma, discrimination, and isolation in various aspects of life, which in turn encourages repeated criminal acts (recidivism). Consequently, a view emerges that the law has not yet provided strong certainty, particularly for former prisoners, due to the continuing imposition of social sanctions by society. This socio-legal research employs a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design. The data used are primary data obtained through interviews with informants. The interview results are discussed descriptively to provide a comprehensive perspective on public perceptions of former prisoners. The findings indicate that stigma and discrimination as social sanctions do not produce a positive impact on the reintegration process, especially as they increase the tendency of former prisoners to reoffend. The completion of legal obligations by offenders is not accompanied by a positive societal role in accommodating behavioral changes among former prisoners, particularly in the presence of stigma, discrimination, and isolation. An approach is therefore needed through the implementation of rehabilitation programs involving the community to generate a holistic impact, namely behavioral improvement among former prisoners and increased public understanding of their vital role as an integrated whole in the reintegration and social improvement process.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Achu Ayuk, A., Chimaobi, O., Omang, T. A., & Emeka Nwankwo, E. (2020). Continuous ex-offenders’ reformation and avoidance of recidivistic acts in Nigeria. In International Journal of Criminology and Sociology (Vol. 9). https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.187

Akunesiobike, C. A. (2016). The Role of Religious Groups in Offender Reformation: A Study of the Port Harcourt Prison in Rivers State, Nigeria. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 9(10), 104–121. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342453630_The_Role_of_Religious_Groups_in_Offender_Reformation_A_Study_of_the_Port_Harcourt_Prison_in_Rivers_State_Nigeria

Alam, A. S., & Purwati, A. (2015). Diversi Sebagai Wujud Kebijakan Pemidanaan dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia. De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah, 7(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v7i2.3524

Ally, A. R. (2022). the Psychosocial Effects of Ex-Prisoners and the Mitigating Strategies As They Integrate Into the Community: a Study of Iringa Municipality, Tanzania. International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences, 9(5), 7–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7113308

Anggit, F., & Ni P Ariani. (2019). Tingkat Stres dan Harga Diri Narapidana Wanita Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas II A Kota Bogor. In Jurnal Riset Kesehatan (Vol. 9, Issue 2).

Athallah, I. R., & Subroto, M. (2022). Peran Lapas Terbuka Dalam Penerapan CBC Dalam Rangka Reintegrasi. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling, 4(2), 451–459. https://www.neliti.com/publications/442125/peran-lapas-terbuka-dalam-penerapan-cbc-dalam-rangka-reintegrasi#cite

Aulia, M. Z. (2018). Hukum Progresif dari Satjipto Rahardjo. Undang: Jurnal Hukum, 1(1), 159–185. https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.1.1.159-185

Aziz, I. K., & Subroto, M. (2022). Optimalisasi Lapas Terbuka Terhadap Pelaksanaan Konsep Community Based Correction (CBC). Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Undiksha, 10(2), 383–395. https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JJPP/article/view/47161

Barry, M. (2016). On the cusp of recognition: Using critical theory to promote desistance among young offenders. Theoretical Criminology, 20(1), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480615586613

Beijersbergen, K. A., Dirkzwager, A. J. E., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2016). Reoffending After Release: Does Procedural Justice During Imprisonment Matter? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854815609643

Benard, A. K., Msomba, G., & Pesha, J. (2023). Social Challenges Facing Ex-Prisoners During their Integration into Societies in Iringa Municipality, Tanzania. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 21(3), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.9734/arjass/2023/v21i3473

Bu, Y. (2022). Re-employment of Ex-offenders in China: Research on Employment Discrimination and the System of Elimination of Criminal Record. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Social Development and Media Communication (SDMC 2021), 631, 128–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220105.025

Buchanan, M., & Krohn, M. D. (2020). Does it matter if those who matter don’t mind? Effects of gang versus delinquent peer group membership on labeling processes. Criminology, 58(2), 280–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12237

Effiom, B. E., Abuo, C. B., & Akpan, B. (2020). Counselling the Stigmatized for Social Integration in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Psychology & Social Development, 8(3), 118–127. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344494371_Counselling_the_Stigmatized_for_Social_Integration_in_Calabar_South_Cross_River_State_Nigeria

Fatimah, W. N. (2021). the Existence of Criminal Sanction in Insider Trading in the Act Number 8 of 1995 Concerning Capital Market After the Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 36/Pojk.04/2018. Jurisdictie: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syariah, 12(1), 48–62. https://doi.org/10.18860/j.v12i1.12254

Fernando, Z. J., Arifin, F., & Sitepu, S. (2025). DISSEMINATION OF COMMUNISM/MARXISM-LENINISM AS POLITICAL OFFENSE IN INDONESIAN: NATIONAL SECURITY PROTECTION OR ACADEMIC FREEDOM THREAT. Masalah-Masalah Hukum, 54(2), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.14710/mmh.54.2.2025.115-135

Fitri, W. (2017). Perempuan dan Perilaku Kriminalitas: Studi Kritis Peran Stigma Sosial Pada Kasus Residivis Perempuan. Kafa`ah: Journal of Gender Studies, 7(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.15548/jk.v7i1.155

Fredericks, B., Mbukusa, N., & Tjibeba, H. R. (2021). Reintegrating released and rehabilitated offenders: A case of Windhoek Correctional Facility on Khomas Region, Namibia. Journal of Philosophy and Culture, 9(2), 20–27. https://academicjournals.org/journal/JPC/article-abstract/66F06AA67782

Gålnander, R. (2021). ‘Shark in the fish tank’: Secrets and stigma in relational desistance from crime. British Journal of Criminology, 60(5), 1302–1319. https://doi.org/10.1093/BJC/AZAA015

Gana, O., Saeed, K. N., & Halid, H. (2021). Reintegration after Prison: Encouraging Employers to Hire Ex-Offenders to be a Part of the Society. Albukhary Social Business Journal, 2(2), 1–9. https://asbj.aiu.edu.my/main/article/view/82

Hadi, I., Rosyanti, L., & Afrianty, N. S. (2018). Tingkat Kecemasan Narapidana Wanita di Lapas Kendari dengan Kuesioner Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS). Health Information : Jurnal Penelitian, 10(2), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.36990/hijp.v10i2.81

Ike, T. J., Jidong, D. E., Ike, M. L., & Ayobi, E. E. (2023). Public perceptions and attitudes towards ex-offenders and their reintegration in Nigeria: A mixed-method study. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 0(0), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/17488958231181987

Imelisa, R., & Novitasari, A. (2020). Stigma bagi Residivis dalam Proses Penyesuaian Diri dengan Lingkungan Pasca Menjadi Narapidana. Prosiding Pertemuan Ilmiah Nasional Penelitian & Pengabdian Masyarakat II “Tantangan Dan Inovasi Kesehatan Di Era Society 5.0” PIN-LITAMAS II, 2(1), 32–37. http://ejournal.stikesjayc.id/index.php/PLT/article/view/7

Ismail, D. E., Mantali, A. R. Y., & Moha, M. R. (2023). The Concept of Revitalizing Traditional Institutions in the Criminal Law System to Realize Restorative Justice. Jambura Law Review, 5(2), 220–234. https://doi.org/10.33756/jlr.v5i2.11682

Jamilah, A., & Disemadi, H. S. (2020). Community Service Order: Prison Overcrowding Prevention Policy. Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan, 8(1), 26–38.

Jasni, M. A., Ah, S. H. A. B., Yusoff, J. Z. M., Jasni, N. S., Shahid, K. M., Omar, N., & Azman, Z. (2019). From Stigma to Community’s Discrimination: The Experience of 16 Former Prisoners in Malaysia. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 16(4), 1–16. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350372323_FROM_STIGMA_TO_COMMUNITY’S_DISCRIMINATION_THE_EXPERIENCE_OF_16_FORMER_PRISONERS_IN_MALAYSIA

Kusuma, A. A. (2015). Efektivitas Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak Dalam Hubungan Dengan Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Korban Perdagangan Orang Di Indonesia. Lex et Societatis, 3(1), 64–71. https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v2/index.php/lexetsocietatis/article/view/7071

Kusumo, B. A. (2017). the Influence of Positivism Philosophy on Criminal Law Enforcement in Indonesia. Yustisia Jurnal Hukum, 6(1), 236–248. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v6i1.11528

Lin, T., Chen, H., & Wu, J. (2023). Research on the Impact of Restorative Justice Implementation on the Social Reintegration of Offenders and the Reduction of Recidivism Rates. Law and Economy, 2(11), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.56397/le.2023.11.04

Masyhar, A., Aisy, R., Widyawati, A., Maskur, M. A., & Murtadho, A. (2025). Reclaiming the Unwritten : Living Law ’ s Prospects under Indonesia ’ s 2023 Penal Reform Faculty of Law , Universitas Negeri Semarang , Indonesia Faculty of Law , Universitas Jenderal Soedirman , Indonesia Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business , Univ. Jambe Law Journal, 8(1), 255–285. https://doi.org/10.22437/jlj.8.1.255-285

Mathlin, G., Freestone, M., & Jones, H. (2024). Factors associated with successful reintegration for male offenders: a systematic narrative review with implicit causal model. In Journal of Experimental Criminology (Vol. 20, Issue 2). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-022-09547-5

McNeill, F. (2015). Desistance and criminal justice in Scotland. In H. Croall, G. Mooney, & M. Munro (Eds.), Crime, Justice and Society in Scotland (pp. 200–215). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315795669

Mcroberts, O. M. (2002). Religion, Reform, Community: Examining the Idea of Church-based Prisoner Reentry (Issue March, p. 10). Urban Institute’s Reentry Roundtable. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/60756/410802-Religion-Reform-Community.PDF

Mourão, A., Sousa, M., Ferreira, M., Gonçalves, L., Caridade, S., & Cunha, O. (2025). Beyond Recidivism: A Systematic Review Exploring Comprehensive Criteria for Successful Reintegration After Prison Release. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 52(8), 1173–1199. https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548251335322

Mpofu, Z. F., Mkhize, S. M., & Akpan, J. U. (2024). Empathy, remorse, and restoration of dignity contributing to reduced recidivism: assessing the role of restorative justice in promoting offender rehabilitation and reintegration in Durban. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2429018

Nixon, S. (2020). ‘Giving back and getting on with my life’: Peer mentoring, desistance and recovery of ex-offenders. Probation Journal, 67(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550519900249

Nugent, B., & Schinkel, M. (2016). The pains of desistance. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 16(5), 568–584. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895816634812

Patton, D., & Farrall, S. (2021). Desistance: A Utopian Perspective. Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 60(2), 209–231. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12406

Petersilia, J. (2001). Prisoner Reentry: Public Safety and Reintegration Challenges. The Prison Journal, 81(3), 360–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885501081003004

Prayitno, S. S., & Alfian, I. N. (2023). Gambaran Stigma pada Mantan Narapidana Teroris. Jurnal Syntax Fusion: Jurnal Nasional Indonesia, 3(03), 272–281. https://fusion.rifainstitute.com/index.php/fusion/article/view/276

Quinn-Hogan, A. N. (2021). The stain of a criminal label: Post-release stigmatization and its effects on reintegration and recidivism among ex-offenders. In Sociology Publications (Vol. 52). https://www.academia.edu/79235261/The_Stain_of_a_Criminal_Label_Post_Release_Stigmatization_and_Its_Effects_on_Reintegration_and_Recidivism_Among_Ex_Offenders

Rizaldi, R. (2020). Over Kapasitas Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas II. JUSTITIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Humaniora, 7(3), 628–640. https://jurnal.um-tapsel.ac.id/index.php/Justitia/article/view/1589

Salihu, H. A. (2018). Perceived Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting the Re-integration of Discharged Prisoners: A Case Study of Ilorin Emirate. In KIU Journal of Social Sciences (Vol. 4, Issue 2). https://www.academia.edu/68029966/Perceived_Socio_Cultural_Factors_Affecting_the_Re_integration_of_Discharged_Prisoners_A_Case_Study_of_Ilorin_Emirate

Schaefer, L. (2018). Correcting the “Correctional” Component of the Corrections Officer Role: How Offender Custodians Can Contribute to Rehabilitation and Reintegration. Corrections, 3(1), 38–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/23774657.2017.1304811

Schartmueller, D. (2020). A home is more than a roof over your head: Post-prison reintegration challenges in Austria. European Journal of Probation, 12(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/2066220320908252

Schnittker, J., & Massoglia, M. (2015). A sociocognitive approach to studying the effects of incarceration. Wisconsin Law Review, 2015(2), 349–374. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281941120_A_sociocognitive_approach_to_studying_the_effects_of_incarceration

Sheppard, A., & Ricciardelli, R. (2020). Employment after prison: Navigating conditions of precarity and stigma. European Journal of Probation, 12(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/2066220320908251

Shoham, E., & Timor, U. (2014). Once a Criminal , Always a Criminal ? Attitudes Towards Reintegration of Released Prisoners Among Israeli Public. Canadian Social Science, 10(6), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.3968/5184

Shuja, K. H., & Abbas, J. (2022). Criminal Recidivism in Pakistan : A Grounded Theory of Social & Criminal Recidivism in Pakistan : A Grounded Theory of Social & Environmental Causes and Psychological Consequences. Nature-Nurture Journal of Psychology, 2(2), 41–53. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363319901_Criminal_Recidivism_in_Pakistan_A_Grounded_Theory_of_Social_Environmental_Causes_and_Psychological_Consequences

Sinko, R., DeAngelis, T., Alpajora, B., Beker, J., & Kramer, I. (2020). Experience of Stigma Post Incarceration: A Qualitative Study. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 8(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.15453/2168-6408.1610

Wahyudi, S., Hendriana, R., Oktoberian, D., & Nunna, B. P. (2025). Recomposing the Handover and Return to Parents in the Juvenile Justice System in Indonesia: Dilemma between Best Interest of the Juvenile and Legal Shadow. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 8(1), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v8i1.13130

Wodahl, E. J., & Garland, B. (2009). The Evolution of Community Corrections The Enduring Influence of the Prison. Prison Journal, 89(1, 1), 81S-104S. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885508329775

Yustia, D. A., & Arifin, F. (2023). Bureaucratic reform as an effort to prevent corruption in Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 2166196. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2166196

Zhoohiru, G., & Subroto, M. (2022). Penerapan Konsep Community Based Correction Dalam Program Pembinaan Guna Memenuhi Hak Narapidana Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan. Journal Publicuho, 5(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.35817/jpu.v5i2.24742