PERMASALAHAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN ALTERNATIF SOLUSI PEMBELAJARAN GEOMETRI RUANG SD: SYSTEMATIC LITERATUR REVIEW

Abstract

The teaching of solid geometry in elementary school is essential for developing students’ spatial literacy and mathematical problem-solving skills. However, cognitive barriers rooted in the transition from concrete to abstract thinking often lead to geometric misconceptions and procedural errors among students. This study aims to systematically map the main challenges in teaching solid geometry in elementary schools and analyze innovative solutions emerging in the current educational literature. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, a comprehensive review was conducted of accredited research articles published between 2021 and 2026. The results of the literature synthesis indicate that the root causes of the main problems include students’ weak visual-spatial abilities, high levels of math anxiety, and teachers’ limited pedagogical competencies in integrating technology in the classroom. On the other hand, this study identifies three pillars of effective alternative solutions, namely: the utilization of 3D visualization technology (such as Augmented Reality and GeoGebra 3D), the application of culture-based contextual approaches (Realistic Mathematics Education and ethnomathematics), and the use of constructivist learning models (such as Project-Based Learning integrated with the Predict-Observe-Explain cycle). The findings of this review suggest that integrating discovery-based learning models with interactive digital media is the most effective approach for overcoming cognitive barriers and enhancing critical thinking skills among elementary school students in the area of solid geometry.