PERAN AKTIVITAS RENANG TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEBUGARAN JASMANI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v11i02.51279Keywords:
swimming, aquatic exercise, physical fitness, aerobic capacity, systematic literature review.Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of swimming activities in improving physical fitness through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature searches were performed in the Scopus database using keywords related to swimming and physical fitness. Article screening and selection were carried out using the Covidence platform based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the 426 articles initially identified, 20 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The findings revealed that swimming and aquatic exercise consistently improved aerobic capacity and cardiovascular function, enhanced body composition through reduced body fat percentage and increased muscle mass, and promoted muscular strength and endurance. Furthermore, swimming was shown to improve balance, flexibility, and functional fitness across diverse populations, including children, adults, older adults, individuals with disabilities, and people with specific health conditions. The unique properties of the aquatic environment, such as buoyancy, water resistance, and hydrostatic pressure, were identified as key factors contributing to these positive adaptations. In conclusion, swimming represents a safe, inclusive, and effective form of exercise for enhancing multiple components of physical fitness and should be promoted as an integral part of public health and physical fitness programs.
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References
Buku
Kitchenham, B. (2014). Procedures for performing systematic reviews. Keele University Technical Report, 33(2004), 1–26.
Macdonald, M., Misener, R., Weeks, L., & Helwig, M. (2016). Covidence vs Excel for the title and abstract review stage of a systematic review. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 14(4), 200–201.
Jurnal
Abe, T., Kojima, K., & Stager, J. M. (2014). Skeletal muscle mass and muscular function in master swimmers is related to training distance. Rejuvenation Research, 17(5), 415–421.
Akhade, V. V., & Muniyappanavar, N. S. (2017). Evaluasi fungsi paru pada olahragawan yang memainkan berbagai permainan. Jurnal Nasional Fisiologi, Farmasi dan Farmakologi, 1091–1094.
Amara, S., Barbosa, T. M., Chortane, O. G., Hammami, R., Attia, A., Chortane, S. G., & van den Tillaar, R. (2022). Effect of concurrent resistance training on lower body strength, leg kick swimming, and sport-specific performance in competitive swimmers. Biology, 11(2).
Amin, B. F., Sukur, A., Wiradihardja, S., Samsudin, Hernawan, Gani, R. A., Kurtoǧlu, A., Tannoubi, A., Alexe, C. I., & Setiawan, E. (2024). From dryland to aquatic exercise: Improving selected physical fitness and swimming performance parameters of elite adolescent athletes with disabilities. Physical Activity and Health, 8(1), 210–222.
Askari, R., Jafari, M., Kakhki, S. A. H., Etemadifar, M., Azarnive, M. S., Gentil, P., Khademosharie, M., & Shekarchizadeh, P. (2025). Low and high-intensity water-based training equally improve disability and functional performance in women with multiple sclerosis but has no effects on IL10, IL17, and S100 protein biomarkers. Human Movement, 26(1), 81–90.
Ben Cheikh, I., Marzouki, H., Selmi, O., Cherni, B., Bouray, S., Bouhlel, E., Bouassida, A., Knechtle, B., & Chen, Y. S. (2025). Effect of water-based aerobic training on anthropometric, biochemical, cardiovascular, and explosive strength parameters in young overweight and obese women: A randomized controlled trial. PeerJ, 13(2), e19020.
Boy Sandy, Bafirman, Damrah, Welis, W., Arba’i, B. M., & Putra, T. N. (2022). Pengembangan media pembelajaran teori renang PJOK pada kelas IV SD Negeri 179 Pekanbaru. Jurnal Kejaora (Kesehatan Jasmani dan Olah Raga), 7(2), 199–210.
Budiono, B. P., Vider, J., Zaid, A., Peart, J. N., Du Toit, E. F., Headrick, J. P., & Haseler, L. J. (2025). Swimming induces physiological cardioprotection associated with pro-growth versus anti-inflammatory influences in extracardiac organs. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 328(2), R206–R219.
Bujak, P., Rogowska, P., & Zarzeczny, R. (2025). Correlations between peripubertal male swimmers’ results of short-distance swimming tests and land-based sprint and endurance tests. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 17(1), 68–77.
Bunæs-Næss, H., Heywood, S. E., Kvæl, L. A. H., Heiberg, K. E., & Nilsson, B. B. (2025). Effects of aquatic high-intensity interval training on aerobic capacity in adults with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: The AquaHigh randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 15(3).
Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Fuentes-García, J. P., Fernandes, R. J., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2021). Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9).
Cotie, L. M., Marçal, I. R., Way, K. L., Lee, L. S., Patterson, M., Pearson, M., Main, E., Thornton, J. S., Reed, J. L., & Banks, L. (2025). Sex differences in cardiovascular adaptations following aerobic exercise training programs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 41(3), 337–353.
Dalamitros, A. A., Kouloglou, A., Nasoufidis, G., Stogiannidou, K., Eradli, N., & Manou, V. (2025). Impact of a 10-week aqua fitness intervention on physical fitness and psychosocial measures in inactive healthy adult women. Healthcare, 13(3), 334.
de Morton, N. A. (2009). The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: A demographic study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 55(2), 129–133.
Faíl, L. B., Marinho, D. A., Marques, E. A., Gonçalves, J. M., Gil, M. H., Pereira, R. A., Marques, M. C., Izquierdo, M., & Neiva, H. P. (2024). Effects of 12-week moderate-intensity versus high-intensity water-aerobic training on physical fitness, cardiovascular health, and well-being in adults and older adults. Health Science Reports, 7(12).
Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Souza-Lima, J. de, Muñoz-Strale, C., Hasche-Zunino, N., Sepúlveda-Barría, C., & Godoy-Cumillaf, A. (2024). Comparative analysis of physical fitness in aquatic and terrestrial environments among elderly women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(1).
Grant, A. J., Kanwal, A., & Shah, A. B. (2020). Swimming: What the sports cardiologist should know. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 22(12).
Hiruntrakul, A., Rirermkul, P., Kaewwong, T., Kaewwong, S. C., Chainarong, A., Rohmansyah, N. A., & Jansupom, C. (2025). Efficiency of high-intensity interval training on VO₂max, vital capacity and body composition in male swimmers. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 29(2), 123–130.
Kooncumchoo, P., Meekum, S., Harnmanop, S., Luangpon, N., & Yuenyongchaiwat, K. (2025). Beneficial effects of water-based exercise alone and in combination with cognitive training on cardiovascular fitness and arterial stiffness in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Life, 15(8).
Kuberski, M., Musial, A., Choroszucho, M., Konarski, J. M., & Wąsik, J. (2025). Longitudinal effects of aerobic training programme on body composition in non-elite adolescent female swimmers. PeerJ, 13(5).
Kwok, M. M. Y., Poon, E. T. C., Ng, S. S. M., Lai, M. C. Y., & So, B. C. L. (2022). Effects of aquatic versus land high-intensity interval training on acute cardiometabolic and perceptive responses in healthy young women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24).
Lahart, I. M., & Metsios, G. S. (2018). Chronic physiological effects of swim training interventions in non-elite swimmers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(2), 337–359.
Lapierre, S. S., Baker, B. D., & Tanaka, H. (2018). Age-related changes in training stimuli and performance in masters swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(11), 835–839.
Leonel, L. dos S., Danielevicz, A., & Delevatti, R. S. (2025). Comparison between water aerobics and deep-water running on middle-aged adults’ anthropometric, hemodynamic and functional outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(1), 106.
Li, D., & Chen, P. (2021). Effects of aquatic exercise and land-based exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, motor function, balance, and functional independence in stroke patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Brain Sciences, 11(8).
Martínez, V., Sanz-de la Garza, M., Domenech-Ximenos, B., Fernández, C., García-Alvarez, A., Prat-González, S., Yanguas, C., & Sitges, M. (2021). Cardiac and pulmonary vascular remodeling in endurance open water swimmers assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 8.
Nualnim, N., Parkhurst, K., Dhindsa, M., Tarumi, T., Vavrek, J., & Tanaka, H. (2012). Effects of swimming training on blood pressure and vascular function in adults >50 years of age. American Journal of Cardiology, 109(7), 1005–1010.
Oliveira, M., Henrique, R. S., Queiroz, D. R., Salvina, M., Melo, W. V., & Moura dos Santos, M. A. (2021). Anthropometric variables, propulsive force and biological maturation: A mediation analysis in young swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(4), 507–514.
Opstoel, K., Chapelle, L., Prins, F. J., De Meester, A., Haerens, L., van Tartwijk, J., & De Martelaer, K. (2019). Personal and social development in physical education and sports: A review study. European Physical Education Review, 26(4), 797–813.
Piras, A., Cortesi, M., Di Michele, R., Trofè, A., & Raffi, M. (2021). Lifetime exposure to recreational swimming training and its effects on autonomic responses. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(5), 425–431.
Rizzato, A., Marcolin, G., Rubini, A., Olivato, N., Fava, S., Paoli, A., & Bosco, G. (2018). Critical velocity in swimmers of different ages. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(10), 1398–1402.
Romanova, E., Slivkina, N., Dzharkinbaeva, A., et al. (2025). Extracurricular swimming as a targeted process for developing key physical qualities in students for professional success. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 25(3), 513–519.
Rosser-Stanford, B., Backx, K., Lord, R., & Williams, E. M. (2019). Static and dynamic lung volumes in swimmers and their ventilatory response to maximal exercise. Lung, 197(1), 15–19.
Ruffino, C., Gueugneau, N., & Grosprêtre, S. (2025). Barriers and facilitators to sports participation in autistic Europeans. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7.
Salari, A., Sahebozamani, M., Daneshjoo, A., Alimoradi, M., Iranmanesh, M., Relph, N., & Mendez-Rebolledo, G. (2025). Effects of an aquatic protocol on electromyography activation and strength of lower limb muscles in blind women. PLoS One, 20(5).
Sette, R. B. T., Morais, T. C., do Rêgo Costa, A. C., et al. (2024). Aquatic high-intensity interval training improves cardiometabolic profile and physical fitness in active middle-age and older adults. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 34(2), 342–353.
Shaheen, N., Shaheen, A., Ramadan, A., et al. (2023). Appraising systematic reviews: A comprehensive guide to ensuring validity and reliability. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 8, 1268045.
Sohrabi, C., Franchi, T., Mathew, G., et al. (2021). PRISMA 2020 statement: What's new and the importance of reporting guidelines. International Journal of Surgery, 88, 105918.
Sun, P. J., Yang, J., Li, N., et al. (2025). Effects of aquatic exercise compared with land-based exercise on the body composition and function of older adults with sarcopenia. BMJ Open, 15(1).
Syahrastani, Zarya, F., Rahman, D., Zulbahri, & Yaslindo. (2025). Swimming as a cardiovascular exercise supports heart function: A literature review. Annals of Applied Sport Science. Tassi, J. M., Nobari, H., García, J. D., et al. (2024). Exploring a holistic training program on tactical behavior and psychological components of elite soccer players throughout competition season. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 16(1), 1–10.
Temporelli, P. L. (2016). Physical activity and cardiovascular health. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia.
Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2025). Swimming biomechanics: From the pool to the lab and back. Sports Biomechanics, 24(5), 1197–1219.
Wang, L., Huang, Q., Cai, T., Ding, Y., & Yuan, C. (2025). Effects of different types of exercise intervention for alleviating breast cancer-related lymphedema: A systematic review protocol and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 15(5).
Yeves, A. M., Coto, J. G., Pereyra, E. V., et al. (2024). Apelin/APJ signaling in IGF-1-induced acute mitochondrial and antioxidant effects in spontaneously hypertensive rat myocardium. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 80(4), 949–959.
Yu, Z., Tang, S., Hu, M., et al. (2025). Aquatic high-intensity interval training improves vascular function, whereas aquatic moderate-intensity continuous training lowers resting heart rate in overweight and obese young adults. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 24(3), 666–675.
Zhang, G., & Liu, X. (2024). The impact of swimming training on physiological and psychological indicators in individuals of different age groups: A cross-sectional study. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 24(94), 164–181.
Buku
Kitchenham, B. (2014). Procedures for performing systematic reviews. Keele University Technical Report, 33(2004), 1–26.
Macdonald, M., Misener, R., Weeks, L., & Helwig, M. (2016). Covidence vs Excel for the title and abstract review stage of a systematic review. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 14(4), 200–201.
Jurnal
Abe, T., Kojima, K., & Stager, J. M. (2014). Skeletal muscle mass and muscular function in master swimmers is related to training distance. Rejuvenation Research, 17(5), 415–421.
Akhade, V. V., & Muniyappanavar, N. S. (2017). Evaluasi fungsi paru pada olahragawan yang memainkan berbagai permainan. Jurnal Nasional Fisiologi, Farmasi dan Farmakologi, 1091–1094.
Amara, S., Barbosa, T. M., Chortane, O. G., Hammami, R., Attia, A., Chortane, S. G., & van den Tillaar, R. (2022). Effect of concurrent resistance training on lower body strength, leg kick swimming, and sport-specific performance in competitive swimmers. Biology, 11(2).
Amin, B. F., Sukur, A., Wiradihardja, S., Samsudin, Hernawan, Gani, R. A., Kurtoǧlu, A., Tannoubi, A., Alexe, C. I., & Setiawan, E. (2024). From dryland to aquatic exercise: Improving selected physical fitness and swimming performance parameters of elite adolescent athletes with disabilities. Physical Activity and Health, 8(1), 210–222.
Askari, R., Jafari, M., Kakhki, S. A. H., Etemadifar, M., Azarnive, M. S., Gentil, P., Khademosharie, M., & Shekarchizadeh, P. (2025). Low and high-intensity water-based training equally improve disability and functional performance in women with multiple sclerosis but has no effects on IL10, IL17, and S100 protein biomarkers. Human Movement, 26(1), 81–90.
Ben Cheikh, I., Marzouki, H., Selmi, O., Cherni, B., Bouray, S., Bouhlel, E., Bouassida, A., Knechtle, B., & Chen, Y. S. (2025). Effect of water-based aerobic training on anthropometric, biochemical, cardiovascular, and explosive strength parameters in young overweight and obese women: A randomized controlled trial. PeerJ, 13(2), e19020.
Boy Sandy, Bafirman, Damrah, Welis, W., Arba’i, B. M., & Putra, T. N. (2022). Pengembangan media pembelajaran teori renang PJOK pada kelas IV SD Negeri 179 Pekanbaru. Jurnal Kejaora (Kesehatan Jasmani dan Olah Raga), 7(2), 199–210.
Budiono, B. P., Vider, J., Zaid, A., Peart, J. N., Du Toit, E. F., Headrick, J. P., & Haseler, L. J. (2025). Swimming induces physiological cardioprotection associated with pro-growth versus anti-inflammatory influences in extracardiac organs. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 328(2), R206–R219.
Bujak, P., Rogowska, P., & Zarzeczny, R. (2025). Correlations between peripubertal male swimmers’ results of short-distance swimming tests and land-based sprint and endurance tests. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 17(1), 68–77.
Bunæs-Næss, H., Heywood, S. E., Kvæl, L. A. H., Heiberg, K. E., & Nilsson, B. B. (2025). Effects of aquatic high-intensity interval training on aerobic capacity in adults with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: The AquaHigh randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 15(3).
Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Fuentes-García, J. P., Fernandes, R. J., & Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2021). Psychological and physiological features associated with swimming performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9).
Cotie, L. M., Marçal, I. R., Way, K. L., Lee, L. S., Patterson, M., Pearson, M., Main, E., Thornton, J. S., Reed, J. L., & Banks, L. (2025). Sex differences in cardiovascular adaptations following aerobic exercise training programs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 41(3), 337–353.
Dalamitros, A. A., Kouloglou, A., Nasoufidis, G., Stogiannidou, K., Eradli, N., & Manou, V. (2025). Impact of a 10-week aqua fitness intervention on physical fitness and psychosocial measures in inactive healthy adult women. Healthcare, 13(3), 334.
de Morton, N. A. (2009). The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: A demographic study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 55(2), 129–133.
Faíl, L. B., Marinho, D. A., Marques, E. A., Gonçalves, J. M., Gil, M. H., Pereira, R. A., Marques, M. C., Izquierdo, M., & Neiva, H. P. (2024). Effects of 12-week moderate-intensity versus high-intensity water-aerobic training on physical fitness, cardiovascular health, and well-being in adults and older adults. Health Science Reports, 7(12).
Giakoni-Ramírez, F., Souza-Lima, J. de, Muñoz-Strale, C., Hasche-Zunino, N., Sepúlveda-Barría, C., & Godoy-Cumillaf, A. (2024). Comparative analysis of physical fitness in aquatic and terrestrial environments among elderly women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(1).
Grant, A. J., Kanwal, A., & Shah, A. B. (2020). Swimming: What the sports cardiologist should know. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 22(12).
Hiruntrakul, A., Rirermkul, P., Kaewwong, T., Kaewwong, S. C., Chainarong, A., Rohmansyah, N. A., & Jansupom, C. (2025). Efficiency of high-intensity interval training on VO₂max, vital capacity and body composition in male swimmers. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 29(2), 123–130.
Kooncumchoo, P., Meekum, S., Harnmanop, S., Luangpon, N., & Yuenyongchaiwat, K. (2025). Beneficial effects of water-based exercise alone and in combination with cognitive training on cardiovascular fitness and arterial stiffness in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Life, 15(8).
Kuberski, M., Musial, A., Choroszucho, M., Konarski, J. M., & Wąsik, J. (2025). Longitudinal effects of aerobic training programme on body composition in non-elite adolescent female swimmers. PeerJ, 13(5).
Kwok, M. M. Y., Poon, E. T. C., Ng, S. S. M., Lai, M. C. Y., & So, B. C. L. (2022). Effects of aquatic versus land high-intensity interval training on acute cardiometabolic and perceptive responses in healthy young women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24).
Lahart, I. M., & Metsios, G. S. (2018). Chronic physiological effects of swim training interventions in non-elite swimmers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(2), 337–359.
Lapierre, S. S., Baker, B. D., & Tanaka, H. (2018). Age-related changes in training stimuli and performance in masters swimmers. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(11), 835–839.
Leonel, L. dos S., Danielevicz, A., & Delevatti, R. S. (2025). Comparison between water aerobics and deep-water running on middle-aged adults’ anthropometric, hemodynamic and functional outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(1), 106.
Li, D., & Chen, P. (2021). Effects of aquatic exercise and land-based exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, motor function, balance, and functional independence in stroke patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Brain Sciences, 11(8).
Martínez, V., Sanz-de la Garza, M., Domenech-Ximenos, B., Fernández, C., García-Alvarez, A., Prat-González, S., Yanguas, C., & Sitges, M. (2021). Cardiac and pulmonary vascular remodeling in endurance open water swimmers assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 8.
Nualnim, N., Parkhurst, K., Dhindsa, M., Tarumi, T., Vavrek, J., & Tanaka, H. (2012). Effects of swimming training on blood pressure and vascular function in adults >50 years of age. American Journal of Cardiology, 109(7), 1005–1010.
Oliveira, M., Henrique, R. S., Queiroz, D. R., Salvina, M., Melo, W. V., & Moura dos Santos, M. A. (2021). Anthropometric variables, propulsive force and biological maturation: A mediation analysis in young swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(4), 507–514.
Opstoel, K., Chapelle, L., Prins, F. J., De Meester, A., Haerens, L., van Tartwijk, J., & De Martelaer, K. (2019). Personal and social development in physical education and sports: A review study. European Physical Education Review, 26(4), 797–813.
Piras, A., Cortesi, M., Di Michele, R., Trofè, A., & Raffi, M. (2021). Lifetime exposure to recreational swimming training and its effects on autonomic responses. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(5), 425–431.
Rizzato, A., Marcolin, G., Rubini, A., Olivato, N., Fava, S., Paoli, A., & Bosco, G. (2018). Critical velocity in swimmers of different ages. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(10), 1398–1402.
Romanova, E., Slivkina, N., Dzharkinbaeva, A., et al. (2025). Extracurricular swimming as a targeted process for developing key physical qualities in students for professional success. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 25(3), 513–519.
Rosser-Stanford, B., Backx, K., Lord, R., & Williams, E. M. (2019). Static and dynamic lung volumes in swimmers and their ventilatory response to maximal exercise. Lung, 197(1), 15–19.
Ruffino, C., Gueugneau, N., & Grosprêtre, S. (2025). Barriers and facilitators to sports participation in autistic Europeans. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 7.
Salari, A., Sahebozamani, M., Daneshjoo, A., Alimoradi, M., Iranmanesh, M., Relph, N., & Mendez-Rebolledo, G. (2025). Effects of an aquatic protocol on electromyography activation and strength of lower limb muscles in blind women. PLoS One, 20(5).
Sette, R. B. T., Morais, T. C., do Rêgo Costa, A. C., et al. (2024). Aquatic high-intensity interval training improves cardiometabolic profile and physical fitness in active middle-age and older adults. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 34(2), 342–353.
Shaheen, N., Shaheen, A., Ramadan, A., et al. (2023). Appraising systematic reviews: A comprehensive guide to ensuring validity and reliability. Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, 8, 1268045.
Sohrabi, C., Franchi, T., Mathew, G., et al. (2021). PRISMA 2020 statement: What's new and the importance of reporting guidelines. International Journal of Surgery, 88, 105918.
Sun, P. J., Yang, J., Li, N., et al. (2025). Effects of aquatic exercise compared with land-based exercise on the body composition and function of older adults with sarcopenia. BMJ Open, 15(1).
Syahrastani, Zarya, F., Rahman, D., Zulbahri, & Yaslindo. (2025). Swimming as a cardiovascular exercise supports heart function: A literature review. Annals of Applied Sport Science. Tassi, J. M., Nobari, H., García, J. D., et al. (2024). Exploring a holistic training program on tactical behavior and psychological components of elite soccer players throughout competition season. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 16(1), 1–10.
Temporelli, P. L. (2016). Physical activity and cardiovascular health. Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia.
Vilas-Boas, J. P. (2025). Swimming biomechanics: From the pool to the lab and back. Sports Biomechanics, 24(5), 1197–1219.
Wang, L., Huang, Q., Cai, T., Ding, Y., & Yuan, C. (2025). Effects of different types of exercise intervention for alleviating breast cancer-related lymphedema: A systematic review protocol and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 15(5).
Yeves, A. M., Coto, J. G., Pereyra, E. V., et al. (2024). Apelin/APJ signaling in IGF-1-induced acute mitochondrial and antioxidant effects in spontaneously hypertensive rat myocardium. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 80(4), 949–959.
Yu, Z., Tang, S., Hu, M., et al. (2025). Aquatic high-intensity interval training improves vascular function, whereas aquatic moderate-intensity continuous training lowers resting heart rate in overweight and obese young adults. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 24(3), 666–675.
Zhang, G., & Liu, X. (2024). The impact of swimming training on physiological and psychological indicators in individuals of different age groups: A cross-sectional study. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 24(94), 164–181.
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