PEMBELAJARAN OUTDOOR ACTIVITY : KAJIAN LITERATUR TENTANG DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP KEMANDIRIAN DAN PERCAYA DIRI ANAK SD

Abstract

This literature study examines the role of outdoor activity in strengthening independence and self-confidence among elementary school students. The study was motivated by the increasing demand for holistic character education, while many schools still rely heavily on classroom-based learning. The objective of this article is to synthesize research trends, implementation models, learning impacts, challenges, and opportunities related to outdoor learning in primary education. This study employed a qualitative literature review design. A total of 20 journal articles and books were purposively selected based on relevance, publication quality, educational level, and conceptual relation to outdoor activity, independence, and self-confidence. Data were analyzed through identification, reduction, categorization, comparison, and narrative synthesis. The findings indicate that outdoor activity positively contributes to independence and self-confidence, particularly in decision-making, social interaction, problem solving, and resilience. The approach is most effective when designed contextually, collaboratively, culturally relevant, and developmentally appropriate for elementary learners. Major challenges include teacher readiness, limited structured integration, and the need for systematic reflection. This study concludes that outdoor activity is a promising pedagogical approach for strengthening independence and self-confidence in elementary schools. Its implications highlight the importance of curriculum-sensitive, culturally grounded, and systematically designed outdoor learning activities.