“PERAN PROBIOTIK LACTOBACILLUS DALAM PRODUKSI TERNAK BERKELANJUTAN: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS TERHADAP EFIKASI BIOLOGIS DAN PENINGKATAN PERFORMA”
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23969/jp.v11i02.47816Keywords:
Lactobacillus; probiotics; livestock performance; antimicrobial resistance; antibiotic/AGP alternativesAbstract
Antibiotic use in livestock production contributes significantly to antimicrobial resistance, creating urgency for more sustainable alternatives. Lactobacillus-based probiotics have been widely explored, but their effectiveness varies depending on livestock species, strain, dosage, and rearing conditions, highlighting the need for comprehensive evaluation. This systematic review aimed to assess the role of Lactobacillus in suppressing pathogenic bacteria, improving animal performance, and its potential as an alternative to antibiotics or antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). The study applied a Systematic Literature Review approach using the PICO framework and PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, focusing on empirical studies published in the last 10 years. Study quality was assessed using MMAT, and data were synthesized through thematic analysis with NVivo 14. Out of 106 identified records, 61 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings indicate that Lactobacillus suppresses pathogens through competitive exclusion, acidification of the gut environment, and production of antimicrobial metabolites. Evidence of improved performance was strongest in broilers and pigs, particularly in weight gain and feed efficiency, while layers showed improvements in egg production. However, variability across studies suggests context-dependent outcomes. Overall, Lactobacillus shows strong potential to reduce antibiotic reliance, though further research is needed to standardize applications and validate its effectiveness across production systems.
Downloads
References
Agustono, B., Yunita, M. N., Lokapirnasari, W. P., Warsito, S. H., Marbun, T. D., & Windria, S. (2025). Optimizing male layer chicken performance and health with probiotic supplementation: A sustainable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Open Veterinary Journal, 15, 668–679. https://doi.org/10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i2.15
Al-Abdullatif, A. A., Al-Garadi, M. A., Qaid, M. M., Matar, A. M., Alobre, M. M., Al-Badwi, M. A., Suliman, G. M., & Hussein, E. O. S. (2026). Efficacy of RISCO–NUTRIFOUR probiotic as a growth promoter on broiler performance and intestinal barrier gene expression. Poultry Science, 105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.106233
Al-Khalaifah, H., al-Nasser, A. Y., Al-Surayee, T., Al-Kandari, S., Al-Enzi, N., Al-Sharrah, T. K., Ragheb, G., Al-Qalaf, S., & Mohammed, A. A. (2019). Effect of dietary probiotics and prebiotics on the performance of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 98, 4465–4479. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez282
Alqahtani, F. S., Bahshwan, S. M. A., Al-Qurashi, M. M., Allohibi, A., Beyari, E. A., Alghamdi, M. A., Baty, R. S., Al-Hoshani, N., Dablool, A. S., AlKhulaifi, F. M., Alshehri, A. A., Ibrahim, E. H., Saad, A. M., & Mostafa, N. G. (2024). Impact of Dietary Bacillus toyonensis M44 as an Antibiotic Alternative on Growth, Blood Biochemical Properties, Immunity, Gut Microbiota, and Meat Quality of IR Broilers. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 44, 637–646. https://doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2024.215
Attia, Y. A. E. W., Basiouni, S., Abdulsalam, N. M., Bovera, F., Aboshok, A. A., Shehata, A. A., & Hafez, H. M. (2023). Alternative to antibiotic growth promoters: beneficial effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and/or Lactobacillus acidophilus supplementation on the growth performance and sustainability of broilers’ production. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1259426
Bajagai, Y. S., Alsemgeest, J., Moore, R. J., Van, T. T. H., & Stanley, D. M. (2020). Phytogenic products, used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, modify the intestinal microbiota derived from a range of production systems: an in vitro model. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104, 10631–10640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10998-x
Balamuralikrishnan, B., Shanmugam, S., Park, S., Recharla, N., Koo, J., Andretta, I., & Kim, I. H. (2021). Supplemental impact of marine red seaweed (Halymenia palmata) on the growth performance, total tract nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, intestine histomorphology, meat quality, fecal gas emission, and microbial counts in broilers. Animals, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051244
Beck, C. N., McDaniel, C. D., Wamsley, K. G.S., & Kiess, A. S. (2019). The potential for inoculating Lactobacillus animalis and Enterococcus faecium alone or in combination using commercial in ovo technology without negatively impacting hatch and post-hatch performance. Poultry Science, 98, 7050–7062. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez441
Bentahar, M. C., Benabdelmoumene, D., Dahmouni, S., Qadi, W. S.M., Bengharbi, Z., Benbouziane, B., Mediani, A., Jam, F. A., & Zainudin, M. A. M. (2025). Impact of novel probiotic strains isolated from Algerian fermented butter and green tea waste on broilers’ production quality. Scientific Reports, 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27983-x
Bilal, M. A., Si, W., Barbé, F., Chevaux, E., Sienkiewicz, O., & Zhao, X. (2021). Effects of novel probiotic strains of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis on production, gut health, and immunity of broiler chickens raised under suboptimal conditions. Poultry Science, 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.048
Castelli, E. M., Campos, D. L., English, A., Nightingale, K. K., & Brashears, M. M. (2025). Using a Dose-Response Approach on the Growth of Food–Borne Pathogens in Feces of Cattle Fed Three Different Direct-Fed Rations Reveals the Efficacy of Lactobacillus salivarius L28. Journal of Food Protection, 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100502
Chang, H., Teck Chwen, L. C., Foo, H. L., & Chung, E. L. T. (2022). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Postbiotics: Alternative of Antibiotic Growth Promoter to Ameliorate Gut Health in Broiler Chickens. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.883324
Coulibaly, W. H., Kouadio, N. R., Camara, F., Diguţǎ, C. F., & Matei, F. (2023). Functional properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Ivory Coast. BMC Microbiology, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-02899-6
Dai, L., Wang, B., Fan, W., Qian, W., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Zhang, B., & Zhang, M. A. (2024). Effects of dietary propyl gallate and Lactobacillus plantarum addition on growth, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, and immune functions of Pekin ducks. Animal, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101324
Dibamehr, A., Daneshyar, M., Tukmechi, A., & Abtahi Froushani, S. M. (2023). Effects of two plant extracts and native Lactobacillus culture on immune response, lymphoid organs and antioxidant properties of broiler chickens. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 24, 601–612. https://doi.org/10.5513/JCEA01/24.3.3725
Eglite, S., Mancevica, L., & Ilgaza, A. (2023). Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Lactobacillus farciminis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on Growth and Production Indicators of Broiler Chickens. Journal of World's Poultry Research, 13, 307–316. https://doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2023.33
Evangelista, A. G., Corrêa, J. A. F., Dos Santos, J. V. G., Matté, E. H. C., Milek, M. M., Biauki, G. C., Costa, L. B., & Luciano, F. B. (2021). Cell-free supernatants produced by lactic acid bacteria reduce salmonella population in vitro. Microbiology (United Kingdom), 167. https://doi.org/10.1099/MIC.0.001102
García, G. R., Dogi, C. A., Poloni, V. L., Fochesato, A. S., de Moreno de LeBlanc, A., Cossalter, A. M., Payros, D., OSWALD, I. P., & Cavaglieri, L. R. (2019). Beneficial effects of saccharomyces cerevisiae RC016 in weaned piglets: In vivo and ex vivo analysis. Beneficial Microbes, 10, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2018.0023
Geeta, N., Yadav, A. S., Pradhan, S., Rajoria, R., Asok Kumar, M., Gopi, M., Navani, N. K., & Pathania, R. (2021). Probiotic attributes of Lactobacillus fermentum NKN51 isolated from yak cottage cheese and the impact of its feeding on growth, immunity, caecal microbiology and jejunal histology in the starter phase of broiler birds. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 55, 451–456. https://doi.org/10.18805/ijar.B-3970
Guo, C., Liu, S., Di, L., & Tang, S. (2024). The impact of bacillus pumilus TS2 isolated from yaks on growth performance, gut microbial community, antioxidant activity, and cytokines related to immunity and inflammation in broilers. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1383262
Gyawali, I., Zeng, Y., Zhou, J., Li, J., Wu, T., Shu, G., Jiang, Q., & Zhu, C. (2022). Effect of novel Lactobacillus paracaesi microcapsule on growth performance, gut health and microbiome community of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.101912
He, Y., Liu, X., Dong, Y., Lei, J., Ito, K., & Zhang, B. (2021). Enterococcus faecium PNC01 isolated from the intestinal mucosa of chicken as an alternative for antibiotics to reduce feed conversion rate in broiler chickens. Microbial Cell Factories, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-021-01609-z
Hu, T., Song, Z., Yang, L., Chen, K., Wu, Y., Xie, F., Wang, J., Yang, G., & Zhu, Y. (2024). Maternal probiotic mixture supplementation optimizes the gut microbiota structure of offspring piglets through the gut–breast axis. Animal Nutrition, 19, 386–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2024.04.025
Isusi, S., Usero-Alonso, G., Murillo, J. A., Gonzalez-Guijarro, A. B., Muñóz, A., & Ramis, G. (2025). Influence of Nutritional Strategies on Performance, Gut Barrier Function and Microbiota Composition in Weaned Piglets. Animals, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233422
Jutakanoke, R., Chakritbudsabong, W., Chuakrut, S., Phongsopitanun, W., Thummeepak, R., Mhuantong, W., Koonthongkaew, J., Siangpro, N., & Rungarunlert, S. (2025). Genomic and phenotypic insights into broad-spectrum anti-Escherichia coli activity of Lactiplantibacillus argentoratensis and Weissella cibaria isolated from swine feces: A sustainable alternative to antibiotics. Veterinary World, 18, 3476–3495. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.3476-3495
Kang, X., Li, X., Luo, C., Xin, W., Zhou, H., Wang, F., & Lin, L. (2023). Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Lacticaseibacillus Chiayiensis AACE3 on Hepatic Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Factors and Gut Microbiology in Nandan Yao Chicks. Antibiotics, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12091356
Kathayat, D., Closs, G., Helmy, Y. A., Deblais, L., Srivastava, V., & Rajashekara, G. (2022). In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 Against Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Identification of Novel Probiotic-Derived Bioactive Peptides. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 14, 1012–1028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-021-09840-1
Khabirov, A. F., Avzalov, R. K., Tsapalova, G., Andreeva, A., & Basharov, A. (2022). Effect of a probiotic containing lactobacilli and bifidobacteria on the metabolic processes, litter microbiocenosis, and production indicators of broiler Pekin ducklings. Veterinary World, 15, 998–1005. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2022.998-1005
Khalilnia, F., Mottaghitalab, M., Mohiti, M., & Seighalani, R. (2023). Effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic and Spirulina platensis microalgae powder on growth performance immune response, carcass characteristics, gastrointestinal microflora and meat quality in broilers chick. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 9, 1666–1674. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.1154
Khan, M. H., Soren, S., Jas, R., Mondal, S. K., Mukherjee, J., Pakhira, M. C., Paul, A., Samanta, I., Mondal, A., Nsereko, V. L., & Mandal, G. P. (2025). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) and phytogenic feed additive as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters on pathogen mitigation, immunomodulation and production performance in commercial broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.105743
Lokapirnasari, W. P., Dewi, A. R., Fathinah, A., Hidanah, S., Harijani, N., Soeharsono, N., Karimah, B., & Andriani, A. D. (2017). Effect of probiotic supplementation on organic feed to alternative antibiotic growth promoter on production performance and economics analysis of quail. Veterinary World, 10, 1508–1514. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.1508-1514
Lokapirnasari, W. P., Pribadi, T. B., Arif, A. A., Soeharsono, N., Hidanah, S., Harijani, N., Najwan, R., Huda, K., Wardhani, H. C. P., Rahman, N. F. N., & Yulianto, A. B. (2019). Potency of probiotics Bifidobacterium spp. And Lactobacillus casei to improve growth performance and business analysis in organic laying hens. Veterinary World, 12, 860–867. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.860-867
Lokapirnasari, W. P., Sahidu, A. M., Maslachah, L., Sabdoningrum, E. K., & Yulianto, A. B. (2020). Effect of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus in laying hens challenged by Escherichia coli infection. Sains Malaysiana, 49, 1237–1244. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4906-03
Lokapirnasari, W. P., Al-Arif, M. A., Maslachah, L., Kirana, A. L. P., Suryandari, A., Yulianto, A. B., & Sherasiya, A. (2023). The potency of Lactobacillus acidophillus and L. lactis probiotics and Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. extract as feed additives with different application times to improve nutrient intake and feed efficiency in Coturnix coturnix japonica females. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 32, 59–67. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/156018/2022
Lokapirnasari, W. P., Maslachah, L., Saputro, A. L., Rokana, E., Yulianto, A. B., Rosyada, Z. N. A., Firdaus, M. A., Silfia, H. I., Lisnanti, E. F., Baihaqi, Z. A., Marbun, T. D., Khairullah, A. R., & Shakeel, M. (2025). Potency of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in broiler chicken challenged with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Veterinary World, 18, 1180–1189. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2025.1180-1189
Luo, Y., Ren, W., Smidt, H. S., Wright, A. D. G., Yu, B., Schyns, G., McCormack, U. M., Cowieson, A. J., Yu, J., He, J., Yan, H., Wu, J., Mackie, R. I., & Chen, D. (2022). Dynamic Distribution of Gut Microbiota in Pigs at Different Growth Stages: Composition and Contribution. Microbiology Spectrum, 10. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00688-21
Maniee, S. A., Mahmoodian, S., Amirzakaria, J. Z., Meimandipour, A., Shariati, V. J., & Tavakol, E. (2025). Whole-genome analysis of LigiLactobacillus salivarius L33, a potential probiotic strain isolated from chicken gastrointestinal tract. Microbiology Spectrum, 13, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01591-2
McMurray, R. L., Ball, M. E. E., Linton, M., Pinkerton, L., Kelly, C., Lester, J., Donaldson, C. J., Balta, I., Tunney, M. M., Corcionivoschi, N., & Situ, C. (2022). The Effects of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb, Anemone chinensis Bunge, and Smilax glabra Roxb on Broiler Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Gastrointestinal Tract Microorganisms. Animals, 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091110
Mirhadizadi, T., Mohsenzadeh, M., & Seif, A. (2021). Molecular isolation, probiotic property, and bacteriocin production of enterococcus faecium (Tm81) and Lactobacillus curvatus (tm51) with anti-listerial activity in native dairy products of iran. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 40, 1346–1363. https://doi.org/10.30492/ijcce.2020.39964
Ohgi, R., Saha, S., Zhou, B., Sakuma, T., Sakurai, M., Nakano, Y., Namai, F., Ikeda-Ohtsubo, W., Suda, Y., Nishiyama, K., Villena, J., & Kitazawa, H. (2024). In vitro evaluation of the immunomodulatory and wakame assimilation properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains from swine milk. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1324999
Paul, S. S., Rama Rao, S. V., Chatterjee, R., Raju, M. V.L.N., Mahato, A. K., Prakash, B. S., Yadav, S. P., Kannan, A., Reddy, G. N., Kumar, V., & Kumar, P. S. P. (2023). An Immobilized Form of a Blend of Essential Oils Improves the Density of Beneficial Bacteria, in Addition to Suppressing Pathogens in the Gut and Also Improves the Performance of Chicken Breeding. Microorganisms, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081960
Pereira, S. A., Jerônimo, G. T., Marchiori, N. D. C., Oliveira, H. M., Jesus, G. F.A., Schmidt, É. C., Bouzon, Z. L., Vieira, F. N., Martins, M. L., & Mouriño, J. L. P. (2018). Tadpoles fed supplemented diet with probiotic bacterium isolated from the intestinal tract of bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus: Haematology, cell activity and electron microscopy. Microbial Pathogenesis, 114, 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.033
Qiu, K., Li, C., Wang, J., Qi, G., Gao, J., Zhang, H., & Wu, S. (2021). Effects of Dietary Supplementation With Bacillus subtilis, as an Alternative to Antibiotics, on Growth Performance, Serum Immunity, and Intestinal Health in Broiler Chickens. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.786878
Ren, H., Zentek, J. R., & Vahjen, W. (2019). Optimization of production parameters for probiotic Lactobacillus strains as feed additive. Molecules, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183286
Rendón, J. M., Montoya, A. J., Ordoñez, J. D., Velazques, J. M., Arcila, J. C., Ruíz, O. A. S., Angulo, L. C., Ramírez, J. F., García, R. R., Martínez, A. R., & Manco, J. C. (2025). Microencapsulated probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics and trace elements: effect on performance and gut microbiota of weaned pigs. Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition, 13, 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1163/2049257X-20251016
Shamshirgaran, M. A., Golchin, M., & Mohammadi, E. (2022). Lactobacillus casei displaying Clostridium perfringens NetB antigen protects chickens against necrotic enteritis. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 106, 6441–6453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-12155-y
Soren, S., Mandal, G. P., Mondal, S. K., Pradhan, S. P., Mukherjee, J., Banerjee, D. P., Pakhira, M. C., Amla, N., Mondal, A., Nsereko, V. L., & Samanta, I. (2024). Efficacy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fermentation Product and Probiotic Supplementation on Growth Performance, Gut Microflora and Immunity of Broiler Chickens. Animals, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14060866
Tang, S. G. H., Sieo, C., Ramasamy, K., Saad, W. Z., Wong, H., & Ho, Y. (2017). Performance, biochemical and haematological responses, and relative organ weights of laying hens fed diets supplemented with prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic. BMC Veterinary Research, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1160-y
Tong, N., Chen, Y., Liu, H., Wang, X., Qi, X., Bai, M., Liu, Z., & Peng, L. (2025). Evaluation of medicinal quality of tree peony byproducts and the effects of dietary byproducts supplementation on production performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant levels, and gut microbiota in late-phase laying hens. Poultry Science, 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2025.105925
Wang, S., Yao, B., Gao, H., Zang, J., Tao, S., Zhang, S., Huang, S., He, B., & Wang, J. (2019). Combined supplementation of Lactobacillus fermentum and Pediococcus acidilactici promoted growth performance, alleviated inflammation, and modulated intestinal microbiota in weaned pigs. BMC Veterinary Research, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1991-9
Wang, J., Muhammad, I., Guo, Y., Chen, C., & Li, J. (2020). Assessment of Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus salivarius Isolated From Chickens as Feed Additives. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00415
Wang, B., Gong, L., Zhou, Y., Tang, L., Zeng, Z., Wang, Q., Zou, P., Yu, D., & Li, W. (2021). Probiotic Paenibacillus polymyxa 10 and Lactobacillus plantarum 16 enhance growth performance of broilers by improving the intestinal health. Animal Nutrition, 7, 829–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.008
Wang, M., Zhong, J., Guo, Y., Zhao, S., Xia, H., Wang, G., Liu, C., & Guo, A. (2024). Effects of Adding Sphingomonas Z392 to Drinking Water on Growth Performance, Intestinal Histological Structure, and Microbial Community of Broiler Chickens. Animals, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14131920
Wang, W., Dang, G., Hao, W., Li, A., Zhang, H., Guan, S., & Ma, T. (2025). Dietary Supplementation of Compound Probiotics Improves Intestinal Health by Modulated Microbiota and Its SCFA Products as Alternatives to In-Feed Antibiotics. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 17, 1969–1984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-024-10314-3
Xue, F., Wan, G., Xiao, Y., Chen, C., Qu, M., & Xu, L. (2021). Growth performances, gastrointestinal epithelium and bacteria responses of Yellow-feathered chickens to kudzu-leaf flavonoids supplement. AMB Express, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-021-01288-4
Yeo, S., Lee, S., Park, H., Shin, H., Holzapfel, W. H., & Huh, C.-S. (2016). Development of putative probiotics as feed additives: validation in a porcine-specific gastrointestinal tract model. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100, 10043–10054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7812-1
Yu, Y. M., Poon, P. M. Y., Sharma, A. A., Chan, S. M. N., Lee, F. W. F., Mo, I. W. Y., & Sze, E. T. P. (2022). Colonization of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in Cirrhinus molitorella (Mud Carp) Fingerling: Evidence for Improving Disease Resistance and Growth Performance. Applied Microbiology (Switzerland), 2, 175–184. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol2010012
Zhao, C., Li, Y., Wang, H., Solomon, A. I., Wang, S., Dong, X., Song, B., & Ren, Z. (2025). Dietary supplementation with compound microecological preparations: effects on the production performance and gut microbiota of lactating female rabbits and their litters. Microbiology Spectrum, 13. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00067-24
Zhong, J., Zhang, F., Peng, Y., Ji, Z., Li, H., Li, S., Zhang, X., Shi, Q., & Zhang, J. (2017). Mixed culture of probiotics on a solid-state medium: An efficient method to produce an affordable probiotic feed additive. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 22, 758–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-017-0038-y
Zhu, C., Yao, J., Zhu, M., Zhu, C., Yuan, L., Li, Z., Cai, D., Chen, S., Hu, P., & Liu, H. (2022). A meta-analysis of Lactobacillus-based probiotics for growth performance and intestinal morphology in piglets. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.1045965
Zou, Q., Fan, X., Xu, Y., Wang, T., & Li, D. (2022). Effects of dietary supplementation probiotic complex on growth performance, blood parameters, fecal harmful gas, and fecal microbiota in AA+ male broilers. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1088179
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Pendas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
