FAKTOR INTERNAL DAN EKSTERNAL PENYEBAB KESULITAN MEMBACA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR PADA MATA PELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA: TINJAUAN LITERATUR

Abstract

Reading ability is a basic skill that affects elementary school students’ learning success, especially in Indonesian language subjects. However, many students still experience reading difficulties, such as recognizing letters, spelling syllables, reading whole words, reading sentences fluently, and understanding reading texts. This study aims to examine the internal and external factors that cause reading difficulties among elementary school students in Indonesian language learning. This research used a library research method or literature review by examining 15 relevant journal articles published from 2021 to 2025, supported by books and educational data related to the topic. The findings show that internal factors causing reading difficulties include low reading interest, lack of learning motivation, limited cognitive ability, weak memory, poor concentration, low self-confidence, and physical problems such as visual or hearing impairments. External factors include lack of parental guidance, limited reading materials, unsuitable teaching methods, less attractive learning media, and a school environment that does not fully support reading habits. Reading difficulties among elementary school students are not caused by a single factor, but are formed through the relationship between students’ conditions, family support, teacher roles, school environment, and the surrounding social environment.