SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN FILSAFAT ILMU KLASIK PERTENGAHAN MODERN DAN KONTEMPORER

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the historical development of the philosophy of science
from the classical, medieval, modern, to contemporary periods, as well as to
examine the contribution of each period in shaping contemporary scientific
paradigms. This study is based on the understanding that the philosophy of science
cannot be separated from the dynamics of human intellectual history and the social,
cultural, and intellectual contexts surrounding it. The research employs a library
research method with a historical-philosophical approach through comparative
analysis of the thoughts of philosophers and key works in the philosophy of science
across different historical periods. Data are obtained from relevant academic
literature, including books and scholarly journal articles. The findings indicate that
during the classical period, the philosophy of science emphasized the search for the
essence of knowledge through rationality and logic as the foundation of scientific
inquiry. The medieval period was characterized by a synthesis of Greek philosophy
and theological traditions in both Islamic and Christian thought, resulting in an
understanding of knowledge as a unity of reason and revelation. The modern period
marked a significant shift toward rationalism, empiricism, and the development of
scientific methods based on observation and experimentation, leading to the
separation of philosophy from science. Meanwhile, the contemporary period is
characterized by criticism of positivism, the emergence of methodological pluralism,
and critical reflections on ethical, social, and cultural dimensions of scientific
practice. This study concludes that the development of the philosophy of science is
dynamic and contextual, making historical understanding essential for building a
critical and reflective scientific framework.